Introduction |
I admit it: I'm a numbers junkie. Statistics fascinate me
because of the tales they tell. I would like to share one of those stories
with you.
War has been the driving force behind most developments in British beer,
since at least the Civil War. Cromwell introduced the first beer duty. Soaring
taxes during the Napoleonic wars spurred brewers to innovate to cut costs.
Patent malt was the result. The Boer War saw Britain become a high-tax nation
for beer. Measures to conserve resources during WW I mortally wounded porter
and slashed gravities forever.
So how come so little changed during WW II? The conflict came close to destroying
Britain both militarily and economically. Why was the impact on the brewing
industry so small?
I think I know the answer, but I'll present the facts first and let you
decide for yourself.
|
World War 1
Let's first look at what happened in WW I:
Number
of Bulk Barrels Produced and Average SG |
Year |
UK production (barrels) |
Average SG |
Germany production (barrels) |
1910 |
34,299,914 |
1053.20 |
|
1914 |
37,558,767 |
1052.80 |
40,450,948* |
1915 |
34,765,780 |
1052.35 |
|
1916 |
32,110,608 |
1051.88 |
|
1917 |
30,163,998 |
1048.54 |
|
1918 |
19,085,043 |
1039.81 |
|
1919 |
23,264,533 |
1030.55 |
|
1920 |
35,047,947 |
1039.41 |
|
1921 |
34,504,570 |
1042.61 |
|
1925a |
26,734,825 |
1043.12 |
23,310,623* |
1927a |
25,100,461 |
1043.28 |
29,538,969* |
Sources:
The Brewers' Almanack and Wine and Spirit Trade Annual, 1928
except * 100 Jahre Deutsche Brauer-Bund 1871-1971, p.128
notes:
The production statistics are in barrels, SG refers to the
original specific gravity of the beer.
a Figures exclude the Irish Free State.
1 barrel = 163.656 litres.
|
The effect of the war was dramatic: production was almost halved, strengths
dropped to near-beer levels. Postwar, beer gravities settled around 20%
lower than their pre-war level. |
World
War 2
Here's what happened in the next war:
Year |
UK |
Germany |
|
production
(barrels 1,000) |
gravity |
production
(barrels 1,000) |
gravity |
1938 |
24,535 |
1041.02 |
|
|
1939 |
25,532 |
1040.93 |
31,326 |
1041 |
1940 |
25,499 |
1040.62 |
29,774 |
1037 |
1941 |
29,101 |
1038.51 |
28,733 |
1034 |
1942 |
29,170 |
1035.53 |
25,976 |
1030 |
1943 |
29,956 |
1034.34 |
26,496 |
|
1944 |
31,472 |
1034.63 |
|
|
1945 |
32,667 |
1034.54 |
|
|
1949 |
26,276 |
1033.43 |
8,648 |
1032 |
1951 |
25,087 |
1036.99 |
17,360 |
|
Sources:
The Brewers' Almanack 1955, p. 56
100 Jahre Deutsche Brauer-Bund 1871-1971, p.202
Notes:
UK gravities are an average of all beer brewed
German gravities are for the strongest beer allowed. |
|
This time UK strengths only dropped by about 10% and output even increased.
The UK was able to brew large quantities of reasonable-strength beer.
You'll note that the effects of the war - even in the period when things
were going well - were much more pronounced in Germany. Production of serious-strength
beer trickled to a halt about half way into the war in Germany.
The average German gravity would have been much lower than the maximum figure
given. There were classes at 1012 even in the early war years. By 1945 some
beers were as weak as 1008. If you reckon that German beer probably averaged
at least 12º (1048) before the war, it's quite a big drop. |
"Grenadier und Musketier
Marschieren auf der strasse
Denken an ein kühles Bier
In riesengrossem Glase"
German soldiers' song.
In reality, German soldiers mostly were just
thinking about huge glasses of beer. |
Worth noting
Britain's prime minister in WW I, Lloyd-George, was a teetotaller, as was
Hitler. Churchill, on the other hand, was an enthusiastic drinker.
|
What George Orwell
thought of pub opening times
This is taken from a newspaper column written by George Orwell in 1944:
"I note that once again there is serious talk of trying to attract
tourists to this country after the war. This, it is said, will bring in
a welcome trickle of foreign currency. But it is quite safe to prophesy
that the attempt will be a failure. Apart from the many other difficulties,
our licensing laws and the artificial price of drink are quite enough to
keep foreigners away. Why should people who are used to paying sixpence
for a bottle of wine visit a country were a pint of beer costs a shilling?
But even these prices are less dismaying to foreigners than the lunatic
laws which permit you to buy a glass of beer at half past ten while forbidding
you to buy it at twenty-five past, and which have done their best to turn
the pubs into mere boozing shops by excluding children from them.
How downtrodden we are in comparison with most other peoples is shown by
the fact that even people who are far from being ‘temperance’ don’t seriously
imagine that our licensing laws could be altered. Whenever I suggest that
pubs might be allowed to open in the afternoon, or to stay open till midnight,
I always get the same answer: ‘The first people to object would be the publicans.
They don’t want to have to stay open twelve hours a day.’ People assume,
you see, that opening hours, whether long or short, must be regulated by
the law, even for one-man businesses. In France, and in various other countries,
a café proprietor opens or shuts just as it suits him. He can keep
open the whole twenty-four hours if he wants to; and, on the other hand,
if he feels like shutting his caf? and going away for a week, he can do
that too. In England we have had no such liberty for about a hundred years,
and people are hardly able to imagine it.
England is a country that ought to be able to attract tourists. It
has much beautiful scenery, an equable climate, innumerable attractive villages
and medieval churches, good beer, and foodstuffs of excellent natural taste.
If you could walk where you chose instead of being fenced in by barbed wire
and ‘Trespassers will be Prosecuted’ boards, if speculative builders had
not been allowed to ruin every pleasant view within ten miles of a big town,
if you could get a drink when you wanted it at a normal price, if an eatable
meal in a country inn were a normal experience, and if Sunday were not artificially
made into a day of misery, then foreign visitors might be expected to come
here. But if those things were true England would no longer be England,
and I fancy that we shall have to find some way of acquiring foreign currency
that is more in accord with our national character. "
There wasn't much improvement for another 50 years.
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